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Negotiation Theory can be directly applied to conflicts
of interest between people of different: 1) cultural backgrounds, 2) individual
self-construals, and 3) positions of power. Sometimes, however, even with
the best of Intercultural Communication
Competence (ICC), close coworkers may
need to seek mediation. Whether this should be a impartial stranger or
a respected elder statesman figure known to both parties, actually relates
to these same factors underlined above(Griffin,
442-443).
 Remember:
the conflict you are experiencing with people may not be
a matter of right or wrong or blaming one party over another; rather it
could be due to a lack of cultural understanding, mindfulness,
and interaction skills.
Whatever the conflict, it is hoped that the concepts presented here and
the additional readings below will help you bring hope and healing to
troubled situations and people.
- Csikszentmihalvi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow
and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: HarperCollins.
- Griffin, E. (2002). A first look at communication
theory. 5th ed., New York: McGraw Hill.
- Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey,
S., Nishida, T., Kim, K.S., & Heyman, S. (1996). The influence of
cultural individualism-collectivism, self construals, and individual
values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication
Research, 22, 510-543.
- Hocker, J. L., & Wilmot, W. W. (1991). Interpersonal
conflict. 3rd ed., Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
- Langer, E. J. (1997). The Power of Mindful
Learning. New York: Perseus Publishing.
- Oetzel, J. G. (Summer 1998). The
effects of self-construals and ethnicity on self-reported conflict styles.
Communication Reports, 11(2), 133-144.
- Oetzel, J. G., Ting-Toomey, S.,Masumoto,
T., Yokochi, Y. Pan, X, & J. Takai, et al. (Sept 2001). Face and
facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany,
Japan, and the United States. Communication Monographs, 68(3),
235-258.
- Oetzel, J. G. (Dec 1998) Explaining individual
communication process in homogeneous and heterogeneous groups through
individualism-collectivism and self-construal. Human Communication
Research, 25(2), 202-224.
- Ting-Toomey, S. & A. Kurogi. (1998).
Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation
theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22(2),
187-225.
- Ting-Toomey, S. & J. Oetzel. (2001).
Managing Intercultural Conflict Effectively. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
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